Starting up and temperature control of contact operations



ec. 16, 1941. c. H. THYER 2,26395 ST ARTING UP AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF CONTACT OPERATIONS 2 Sheets-Sheef l Filed Jan. 4, 1938 INVENTOR .Thcn er mm q Elarefir:e H

SS: E. mESI 531 v E N R 0 T T A Dec. 16, 1941. c. H. THAYER STARTING UP AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF CONTACT OPERATIONS Filed Jan. 4, 1938 2 Sheets-Sheet'2 Anr-H.f..

INVENTOR EITETICEH.TH HE'I la c um ATTORNEY Patentgd Dec. 16, 1941 STARTING UP AND TEMPERATURE CON TBOL OF CONTACT OPERATIONS Clarence H. Thaycr Wallingford, Pa. assignor, by mesne assignments, to Houdry Process Corporation, Wilmington, Del., a corporatioh o1 Applicatlon January 4, was, Serial N0. 183,305 ClaimS. (01.196-52) The present inventlon relates to the chemical freatment 0r trahsforn'xation offluids and tosys- 1;ems for controlling the temperature of such treatments. Whlle it concerns the regulationand temperature control oi various treatments of mexits or reactions are carried out in the presence of a contact materlal or catalyst. It paartlcularly involves treatxnent or trnsformation of various reactant fluids, especially hydrocarbonso r other such fluids where deposits of combustible matefluids, it has special application where the treat- 1 rials or contaminants accumulate on a contact material during an on-stream or' transfonhation period o1 a cycle of operation. During alternate periods of such cycle, contaminants or combustibles may, -Whe1e desired, be pemovec l from the contact or catalytlc materi9.l as by combustion or regeneration in situ.

This inventiofi also lnvolves getting such systems of treatment in operation rapidly and provides. Ior energy recovery and temperature'com 1:1'01, all of which are mute fully described hereinafter. 1

The reactant fiuid to be treated may involve various fluids as above indicated, but spec ific' Illustrations include carbonaceous.or hydrocan bon fluids, lncluding thoSe of petroleum, coa1, shale, or other prigin, natural er artiflcial.

'I'he treatment or transformatin, Where the reactants are such as those last-illustrated; may

constitute a production of lower boiling from higher boiling hydrocarbons o r cracking, reform- Ing 130 increase the anti-knock rating cf .the charge vvithout greatly ltering its boiling range polyinerizing or the production 015 higher boiling trom lower bolling hydrocarbons, refining or chemical stabilization of fuels o1 desired b oiling rgnges to render the same resistant or immune to gum or' color formation, or other reactlons. or con- 4 versio'n operations.

for the purpose desiri A c1'y-llke cr silicidu s materlal comprising ablendof silica. a.nd alumina, with or without small quantities blother active materials, promoters, etc.- ls illustrative; Mate- ;rials cf this generall;ype are dlsclosed, Ior= exam-' ple in PatentNo. 2078,951, issued to Eugene J. Houdryon'May 4, 1937.

The present inventionn1fly be considered as an improvement over or turth:- development 01 previously disclosd processes and aplaaratus which concern the transformation 01 ca1bonacepus materials 01 carbon containing compounds br other reactantfiuids, particularly where a, contact ma'- terial is employed, am! which' concern 1 regeneration of such contact material, and also recovery 013 energy, including a, step 01 increasing. the kinetic energy of fumes or 'products 01 regeneration leaving a. catalyst o1 reaction zone. 'I'his invention may also be slmilarly'cbnsidered-in relation to the copending application 01 Eugene J.

Houdry, Serlal N0. 157,680, flled August6, 1937,

The contact material will depend uponreactants or charge tc' be treated and the particu; lar transformation or reaction which 1s soght, but may conslst of solid or incombustible materia.ls which are adsorptive and/or c atalytically u t d active, or it may comprise relatively non-adsorptive er inert'material of a metalliferous er other nature. Where the reactnc3 comprise hydracarbons e. g. higher boilifig hydrocarbons Whlch lt is desired to transform into lower boilinghydrocarbons such as gasoline, for example, the coutaci: material may comprise an adsorptive'catalyst such as a blend of silica with another metal oxide or metalliferous material which, in-combination wlth the silica; will render the whole mass active now U. S. Patent 2,195414 where the circulation of a heat exchange fluld, such as fused' salt or salts, molten alloys, etc., in heat exchange 'relation with a catalyst or contact mass, e. g. o! the type herelnabove setdforth, is described and 1s illustrated, for example, in connection With processes for t'reating or converting organ1g flu1d Such 118 ydrocarbons. A

Where the' present invention is abplie'd to an operationin which hyd'rqcarbons, such ascr ude petroleum .oi1 er a fracti on thereof, are charged to a. re&ction chamber or chambers coritalning cai;alyst during the on-stre.m er reaction perlod o! a cycle 01 operation and, in alternate peflods o1!- regeneration, all or other oxygen-contining medi um 15 passed throgh the ctalyst, such catalyst usua1ly being arranged in a plurallty ofseparate confined reaction z'ones, und Where" fumes o! regenerationmay or'.may not; be subjected to a further step of combustlon or e'nergy increase -after leaving such reaction 'cl'1ainbia'rs, 1 for-example as described in the copending a;ipllcatlon of Eugene J. Houdry, S6rlal'No. 266,010 for applicatlon Serla.l N0. 78,542, the present invention contemplatescirculating and/or controlling the temperature and flow o! a. heat exchange fluid (e. g, fi1sed salt, mercury or the 1ike) so as i; o usebxcessi 'heat 1'rom onestep or period of the cycle o1 operation cox'1tr'ol the' temperature o1 a;nother stcp or perlod o1such.

cycle ancl, desirablY, also to'adJust or contr'ol the temperature of incoming ractants and/or regenerating med1um und, pre ferably also to Icontrol the stv'ep o1 energy inc1 easeor carbonm'bnoxide combustlon. II: will be understood that one step 01 a cycle 015 operatlon may take place in one reactlon chamber at the same tlme durlng which a diflerent step of a slmllar cycle ls belng carried out in another reactlon chamber.

Among the objects and accomplishments o! the present inventlon are the followlng: (1) T cantrol the temperatures of endothermic and exothermlc reactions; (2) T0 utllize heat of an operatlon (such as indlcated herelnabove) at a substantially constant rate although heat may be developed or absorbed in dlfierent zones at highly variable rates; (3) T0 provlde a system whereby a fluld contacting or catalytlc operation carried out in a. plurality 015 separate zones may be Gontrolled in temperature whlle lncurring only a. relatlvely W power consumptlon; (4) T0 provide a heat exchange circult which c.n be operated over long perlods 01 tlme wlthout or substantlally without the adjustment cf valves (althoug'h thls lnventlon does noI; exclude the use 013 valves); (5) T0 provide, as a speclfie, preferred aspect, that all 0r substantlally all temperature adjustments which may be needed'hi the heat exchange fluid. e. g. fused salts, molten alloys, etc. which ls clrculated through or in heat exchange relation with contact mass or catalyst,may be efiected by giving up heat to, or by heat exchange wlth, materlals or flulds employedln I;he process; (6) T0 control the temperatures wlthin a plurallty o! reaction zones, in which reactions arg desirably conducted at different temperatures and/or have dlfferent heats 01 reactlon, by clrculating heat exchange fluld at a common or substantlally common temperature, er from a cornmon source or reservoir zone, through or in heat exchange relatlon wlth the several reactlon zones 015 such plurallty (er with -a'portion thereof); (7) T0 provlde I.or minimlzing the time consumed in starting up a commercial plant, in which large volumes 01 contact mass or catalyst are arranged in a plurality 01 separate, confined reactlon zones, or

gettlng such a plant into normal and regular operatlon after lt has cooled down the great im portance of which will be more fully understood from further description presented hereinatter; (8) To provide 1'0r the operatlon and control 01 minlmlzlng needed apparatus and hence minim izlng the cost thereqf; (9) Toprovide a plurality 012 separate heat exchange clrcults Ior coutrolllng the temperature o1 an operation and to keep each clrcuit isolated Irom others, where deslred. The above and also other purposes and advantagss will be evident from the descrlptlon taken as a whole.

An understandlng of illustrative aspects 013 thls inventlon can be readily had by referring to the note slmllar parts, a speclflc reactant flu1d wlll be used by way o1 Illustration. Also. the operation will be desctlbed in connectlon with a particular contact mass or catalyst, a speclflc method o! regeheration 9.pproprlate to'the selected fluid treatment will be contemplated, and a. speclflc type 01 heat exchange fluld will be chosen, all. however, for the purpose only o1 lll'uStratlngmy inventlon without thereby in any w'ay lntendlng to llmit or confine lt by such illustrative descrlption.

InFig. 1, la, Ib, Ic, Id, Ie and I! are caslngs 01' converters whlch conflne reactlon chambers, each o! which contalns a contact mass or catalyst' 2, usually in the form of small pleces, fragments or molcled particles or pellets (e. g. in the shape o! small cyllndrlcal pellets) capable 01 regeneratlon in sltu. Mass or catalyst 2 may conslst of an systems o! the types above contemplated while exemplary embodiments .01! sultable apparatus Fig. 2 is a dlagrammatic view, pariily in plan and partlyln elevatlon, of a modlflcation o! theapparatus shown in Fig. 1;

Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic view in plan showlng a variation of the heat exchange and energy recovery system shown in Fig. 2; and

Fig. 4 ls an enlarged detail view cf an elemlant or member of the 'apparatus shown in Figs. 1 and 2.

In further descrlblng the drawings, in the several flgures 01 which like reference character deadsorptive silicious er clayey materlal; specifically lt may comprise a blend of slllca with another 'metalllferous materlal such as alumlna, wlthor without small amounts 01 other zictlve materlals o1 regeneratlon promoters and may be 01 the type descrlbed in the aforementioned Patent N0. 2078951 ot EugeneJ. I-Ioudry, 3a andJb-are combustion cases and each contains a contacb material or mass 4 conslstlng or comprislng copper oxide '(Cu0) 01" other sultable materlals such, for example, as oxldes or compounds o1- iron, cobalt, nlckel.and leacL 5a and 5b are partial condensers, or partial 60116161151118 heat exchangers, and may be o1 any deslred type, variously described and illustrated in prlor descrlptions. 6 and I lndicate the turblne and com'- pressor of a turbo-compressor unlt havlng starting motor 8, which latter ls capable also 01 belng runas a generator. In place 01 or in additlon tc electric motor generator l, a steam turblne or other prime movers for starting may be supplled. Reactant fluld I;o be treated may be lllustrated by a petroleum fraction bolllng above er at least to substantial extent above the gasoline bolllng range, e. g. a gas oil fraction in which a. major by the 611 charge is increased lntemperature, for

example, ls brought up to about-5OO to 600 F., and then flows through line III and.elther may be passed through branched 1ine Illa lnto heat exchange relatlon wlth hot heat exchange fluid such as Iused salt in heat exchanger or oi1 pre-heater I I or else may by-pass heat exchanger II through line I0b. The- 011 stream may then bepassed in whole or in part by line Illc through 011 heater I2, which may, Ior example, be a dirept flred plpe still, or any deslred pr oportlon o1' such stream may be diverted through llne I0d to pass through l1ne I3 into header I4 which latter communlcates with the catalyst or contact mass 2 in the conflned reaction zones withln each 01 the converters Ia, Ib, etc. through the several valved connectlons shown and llnes I5.

Out-going hydrocarbons or simllar products 01" reaction leave the several reaction zones through llnes I6 and pass through the valved connectlons shown lnto tubular header I'I and thence through and in heat exchange relation wlth in-coming oll charge in partial condensing heat exchangers In and 5b A Iraction of the highest boiling products of reaction may be wlth'drawn through llne I8a and another fraction of the products of reaction, lower boiling than the last-mentioned frac-' tion but higher boillng thamgasoline, may be withdrawn through line l8b, whlle gasoline or desired low boiling products of reaction may be withdrawn through line I9 and.further treated or seht to storage as desired.

In the c arrying out of such a process for transforming or-cracking higher boiling hydrocarbons to produce lower boiling hydrocarbons, combustible deposits or contaminants accumulate on the contact mass or catalyst 2 sothat periodically the flow of vaporous hydrocarbon charge or reactants to each cf the cases la, lb, etc. mustbe interrupted and the contact material regenerated to restore lt to active condition, e. g. es by passing an oxygen-contalning regenerating medium such as air, o1 air o: modified oxygen content, therethrough, while maintalning the tact material in p1ace. v

Preliminary to the regeneration of the cantact material within each of-the converte'rs'it is usually or often desirable to purge each respective reaction Zone or bed ofcontact material which is to be regenerated of hydrocarbon reactants or products cf reaction contained there'- in. Thls may be accomplished, for example, by purging with a fluid such as steam er flue gases er by evacuation of the type descrlbed in Patent N0. 2,095,265 issued to J. Howard Pew on Octo'- her 12, 1937, and/or Patent N0. 2,095264 issued to Arthur E. Pew on the same date, or by both evacuation and steam.

In the operation of a plant as hen described, a normal and intended operation is to employ each cf the several converters of the battery shown on cycle so that for example, with the particular number of converters indicated by way of Illustration in Fig. 1, two converters may be on stream at any one time .for the crackix'1g o1 transforrnation of hydrocarbon reactants while the other four converters will be undergoing purging and/or regeneration preliminary to ancatalyst or 'conother transfopmation or on-stream step. F01 example, a complete cycl e of operation may be of the order of 90 minutes in length and the cycles 012 each of the several converters of the battery shown may be staggered in time so that one comverter goes on stream everyfifteen minutes. I-Iowever it will be understo0d that such length of cycle is exemplary only and that cycles of operation may vary from a. relatively short period up to two or three hours or more. Also it will be understood that the proportion of the whole number of converters which is on stream at any one time in a particular operation may vary widely from the above example, which is merely illustrative.

Regenerating medium e. g. air or other oxygen-containing medium, may be forced -by the turbo-compressor unit 61 through lines 5I and 20 and then through pre-heater o1 heat exchanger 2I, wherein it may permissibly undergo heat exchangewith hot fused salt, aswlll be hereinafter mor e fully explained. (The regenerating medium may, of course, be by-passed around heat exchanger 2I, if desired, through a. line X in the event that 110 transfer of hea.t from salt or other heat exchange fluid to air"is desired therein.) The regenerating medium', which ma,y then be partially heated is passed through lihe 22 and through air heater 23, which may be a.

at desired temperature into header 25 and from the latter into the re'action zones of selected converters through respective llnesl5 und the valVed branch lines which join the latter to header 2l. In the ordinary case, heat exch'anger 2l anti hea.ter 23 will not both be employed in a. single operation to preheat the regenerating medium,-

bustion cases are shown in multiple.- This is by] no means always necesSary, laut this embodlment minimizes the problem oI completely avoiding the possibility of an exblosive'mixture cf fumes from the several cases, some cf which may cdntain some 011 vapors. This embodiment also allows the contact material within one ca.se to .be regeherated while the; other case is in use.)

In p assing through contact material 4, the fumeS or products of regeneration are inereased in energy, as by ccmbustion of cs(rbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and/or by controlled combustion of any hydrocaibon or other burnablevapors which are present, and passfrom the combustioh' case through line 26 and thence into and throu%h gas turbine 6. 'I'he exit fumesfrom the gas turbine may be conducted t0 other heat exchanze equipment o1 discharged to the atmosphere, es desired.

In the specific illustrative operation being described, the on-stream reaction inconverters Ia, lb etc. is a somewhat endothermic one, usualli carried out at a temperature within the range of 750 to 925 F for example, about 825 to 875 and the regeneration is a strongly exothermic reaction beginnlng in the above range and usually not exceeding- 1100 F. es a maximum. The regeneration is normally carried out within the range of 825 to 1050 F. when the on-stream temperature is, for example, app roxi-\ mately 825 to 850 F. The heat r quired to meintain the contact mas s at ccnstant -or* approximately constant. temper'ature during" the endothermic qn-streajn steps will, in the type of operation illustrated, be o1 the order of 10% er less, for example 7%, cf the hat developed by regeneration. In addition to thislarge amount cf excess heat which is produced by the battery of converters la Ib, etc. excess heat is also cleveloped by the combustion cas'es 3a and 3b. However, large amounts of hea tare tequird to bring the hydrocarbon reactantsand reg enerating me- 5 dium to thelr respective desired temperatures before admission into the converters. Removing this excess heat from the converters and combustion ca.ses, utilizing the same in the pre-heating cf reactants or regenerating medlum and/or in efiecting other heat exchange such as the generation cf steam, anti-also adv ant ageouslj x utilizing the energy developed by this operation in the generation of motive power, particularly for foycing fluids, e. g. reactants and products cf reaction, through the system under dslred con ditions, are important aspects of the present invention, though they -are not all essential features The hea.t exchange fluid, which may comprise various fused salts 01 salt mixtures, molten metais cf suitably lw melting point, etc. will be illustrated by a tused mixture 01 s0dium nitrate and potassium nitrite of approximately eutecticproportions, although other fused salts or seit m1xtures including potassium nitrate, sodium nitrite, etc., may be used. This fused seit may be passed from reservoir 21 through heater 01 cooler 28, 01' may be by-passed around the latter, am! then forced by pump 23 through line 30 int0 header 3I. 'I'hence the tused sa.lt ma.y be circulated in heat exchange relatlon w1th but 0ut ot contact with the cataly'st or contact materia.l 2

within the several converters Ia, Ib, etc. in a plurality 01' spaced passages or circuits suitably disposed, for example, such as tubular members 3ld disposed within o1 extending through the rea.ction chambers. Out-going 1188.15 excha.nge fluid passes from the several converters through the lines shown 1nto header 32 and Irom there any desired proportion 0r all of the same may be passed back 120 salt reservoir 2'I. However, any desired proportion of the stream ma.y be dlverted through line 33 to pass thr0ugh he.t exchanger 2I, thereby to preheat regenerating medium go- Ing I;0 the cases, and the salt ma.y then pa.ss through lines 33 and 35, Irom whichlatter either a. port1on or all of the stream may be returned to line 36, 0r passed in series through 011 preheater II and then through line 31 into line 38. Where desired, the salt stream coming Irom header 32 may be passed in parallel through heat exchangers 2I and II, the parallelstreams being re-united in line 36. In this latter operation,a portion 015 the stream from header 32 is diverted through line 33 and another portion thereof is diverted through line 33, each of such branched streams, after passing respectively through heat exchangers 2I 'and II being sent through the lines shown to conduit 36. All or any desired proportion of the stream may be circulated through steam b01ler 33, which latter may have a s team accumulator (not shown) cannected thereto i! desired. Ordinarily, heat exchange in pre-heaters 2I and II and/or the generation 01 steam in 33'1s controiled so tha.t the sali; is returned 120 I:he reservo1r 2'I at substantially the temperature desired ior recirculation .through line 30 t0 the converters. Where the on-stream temperature contemplated is, i0r example, about 830 F. and the desired regeneration temperature is, for example, from about 830 to about 1000 F., the fused salt may be c1rculated in heat exchange with converters which are omstream and those in regeneration a1: a. common or substantially constant temperature intermediate the on-stream and regeneration temperatures and approaching more closely to the on-stream temperature. For example, fused salt may be circulated at a temperature 01 about 840 F.

As is clear irom the drawings (Fig. 1), fused sa.lt 01' the like may be passed 1'rom header 3I through valved line 43 and heater 0r cooler H, or it may part1ally 0r e'ntirely by-pass heater 0r cooler 43 and pass directly through valved line 45 into header 46 and 1mm there irrte heat exchange with contact material 3 within cases 3a und 3b; ior example through reverse flow tubes 3Ib embedded within the contact material The seit stream leaving these cases may flow back through the line shown into hea.der 32, there 1:0 meet with salt streams leaving the several converters Ia II), etc.

. While the relative amounts 01 heat taken irom the circulating fused seit 0r the like in air preheater 2I, 011 pre-heater II und steam boiler 33 can be controlled es desired und varied withinwide limits. even to the extent 0f completely bypassing one or more 01 these pieces 01 equipment, it is contemplated that in the ordinary case the extent and manner o1 the use 01' euch will be guides so as to obtain tran'sier 01 heat while maintaining efliciency in the utilization 01 heat exchange surfaces.

One suitable illustrative operation is t0 flow enough cf fused saltihrough 011 preheater II so a.s to bring the 011 passing therethrough up t0 a tempeiature within the range 01 about 700 F., e. g. up 110 about 750 F. 01 below, using 011 heater I2 further t0 heat the stream oi' 011 sufllciently so that 11; will pass into the converters In, Ib, etc. at a temperature 01 the order 01 825 F. for example. This proeedure is recommended because I ha.ve iound that, under the conditions here existing, at temperatures up to about 775 F. transfer 01' heat 1mm fused salt (around 845 or 850. F.) is bettet than irom ilue gases, but a1: temperatures above about 775 I". 11: is possible t0 gei; better transier 01 heat i'r0m hot flue gases in a direct flred still tha.n from a stream 0f fused salt at temperatures above indicated. 'I'hat is, althoughthe coeilcient 01 heat transfer.between the tused salt and 011 is h1sh compared with tha.t 01 heat transiler between flue gases und 011, yet transfer from the salt t0 may be heated up to a temperature 01' 700 01' 775 F. or even posslbly a.s h1gh as about 850 F. in heat ea'zchanger 2 I, any desired additional heat being added, f0r example by air heater 23. Any remaining reduction in I;he temperature 01 thc salt stream needed 01' desired may be accom-' plished-by heat exchange with water in sI;eam

boiler 33.

In many instances either the 011 preheater' I I,

orthe preheater 2I 101 regenerating medium, will 'be by-passed entirely by the stream 01 fused seit,

depending upon the quantity of exothermic heizt developed in the rege"neraltion 01 the cata.lyti0 material within the 0ases In, Ib, etc., und theamount o1 heat developed in combustion cases 3a und 3b.

In place 01 us1ng either heat exchanger 2I 0r pipe heater 23, it is practical (thougli 0Iten.

undesirable from the point 015 view 0f eriergy recovery) t0 provide a part or all cf the heating up 01 the regenerating.medium by charging tuel, such as fuel 011, zus, etc., into a. burner III through valved line II, a1r orthe iike being torced into und through burner III by compressor 'I., An enla.rged detail 01 burner 40 15 shown in Fig. 4. 01

the drawings. This burner ca.n be controlled so as 1:0 draw any desireciamount 01 oxygen coutaining fluid or air within the inner tube 42 of the bumer, which lattermay.be made adjustable if desired, though this is usually unnecessary.

Any steam desired es process fluid 01' vaporizing fluid for reactants may be passed irom steam heiler 33 through line 4'I und a portion thereof may be passed through branch line 4'Ia into thestream of oil before the latter traverses 011 heater I2 and/or a portion threof 'ma)y be passed through brauch 41b so as tobe lntroduced into the oil stream iollowlng the oil heater I2. Though not shown in the drawings, where the desirable, lt is within the contemplationdf my invention to pass the 011 stream through a} tar separator or other means for removing difilcultly vaporizable o1 unvaporizable comp'onents, and such a. separator may be p1aced in the cir cuit ir'xtermediate the 011 heater I2 and manifold header I4. Steam or the like may be introduced into the stream of charge preceding, during qr following the tar separation.

Any remainlng portion of the steam wh ich may be generated by this process,v (or in the event that no steam is withdrawn through line 41, all of the steam generated in the process) may be withdr-awn from heiler 39 through line 48 ancl be employed for driving pumps used in charging material is such as to rendiar the same fiowing fluids through the process or for any other prposes desired.

The evacuatlon of converter cases Ia, lb, lc, etc., intermediate an on-stream operatiomancl regenerating period, or following a regeneratlng peri0d and preliminary to a succeeding on-stream operation is not per se a particular part of the prsent inventl'on, but may be effeeted fdr example in the manner described in theaforesald application of J. I-Ioward Pew, Serlal N0. 23533 filecl May 27, 1935, which lssued as Patent N0. 2095265 or ln the manner described in the aforesaid copending applic.tion of Arthur E. Pew, Jr. Serial N0. 73,223, filed April 8, 1936, which lssued as Patent N0. 2,095264, by applying suitable vacuum to the line 55.

Where steam or other fluid is desired for accomplishing the purglng. or to aid the purging operatlon, o1 for use as process fluid or to aid in the regeneration, the same may be supplied toany desired unlts of the battery of converters through line 56.

When the plant ls shut dowxi for a s1iffici ent amount of time so that the system cools ofi, the fused salt or like heat exchange-fluid may solld ify. Because of this fact, salt reservoir 121 ls provlded with heating means, whlch may for 'example take the.form of a circulating c'oil withln the reservoir and fed by valved inlet 49,

through whlch steamor the llke may be lntroduced, water or cooled steam being withdrawn from the coil through valved line 50.

St.rtlng up such a plant is an important problem and lsalso an lmportant aspect 015 the present inventlon. Accordlng to much of the practlce whieh has heretofore been followed, starting with the plant at approxlmately atmospheric temperature, lt requlred many hours and gften a day or moreto get a lange conunerclal f mnt of this general type uniformly heated up and in normal operation.-- Extreme care is necess9.ry in and embedded in the contact or catalytic material cohtainecl thereln. A rapid and nonunif orm heatlng up of such apparatus may distort vafious parts of the same, cause warpage f elen1ents, loosenin'g or breaking ofjoints, and in general wdrk a very rapid deterioration of the plant as a result of'the nun-uniform thermalexpansion and contractlon of dlfierent parts 0f the apparatus. Also in startihg upsuch a plant as here illustrated, whlch lnvolvesthe .use of aturbo- -compressor unlt inwhlch the-construction or characteristicsof the turbine 6 makes desirable 'or imperative the feedlng thereto of gas above a particular temperature or within a narrow temperature-range, this portion of the equiprhent also requireSspeclal -attention in starting. The care required in getting-combustion, iases 3a and 3b into ope1ation is generally comparable to that required in gettlng converters Ia, lb etc., inoperation.

In starting the apparatus when ityls cbnled\ doWn, fo'r exa inple to atmospherlc temperature, the first Steg) may, illustratively, beto fiow steam or the like through line 49:.in heat exchange with but out of contactwiththe salt'in reservolr 21 so*as 60 heat the salt above ltsfusing temperature to provide ready clrculatlonof the same by pump 29 through'the line 30. Whlle this ls being done the turbo-compress0r un it may b e started in operation, employing starting motor 8 .(whlch latter'may serve as a motor for starting up and ply just enough motlve power to drive the compressdr. I 'hese hot products will be returned through valved line 52 and either through brauch 52a or- 52b back through the turbine 6. In place of the exact steps justreclted, 1tis often preierable to wlthdravi compressed all, or the like.

' from line 5l through branch line 52c, -thence throu3h*branch 52b and through burner 40a, 'whl'ch latter supplles.the necessary heat togthe stream. {The turblne 6 will then begin to develop the need'ed power and the load will besradually relleved from motor 8. An ignitlon means (not shown) such as anelectric sparklng device, for example, maybe" employed within each of the burners 40 and 40a to lgnlte.the lnjected fuel.

Gradually a portion cf the product leaving burner 40 will be passed through line 20 and heatlng up such a plant, paz:ticularly -where the lnteriors 'of the converters Ia, lb, etc.; are constru cted luthe manner lllustrateel in Flg. 1 of the appended drawings, and/or where heat exch'ange tubes or other conduit's extend lnto the reactlon chambers -of.;each oi the several c'onverters tobe embedded. in a body er bed 01 catalyst 01' contact material. In=such apparatus reactant fluids may pass stralght through the reaction chamber of each converter, from end k t end thereof, or they m ay pass between perforated inlet and outlet conduits extending within the reaction chamber-of each converter there may pass through brauch 53a and through heat exchah ger 2l into and through cases la, lb,

etc. in*dlrect Contact wlth the catalystor contact material therewlthln and the gases leavlng the converters will nass into header 25 and fmm conibustlon' cases- 3a and/or 3b in contact with material 4 therewithin er, lf desired, may bypass the combustloucases through valved brauch 53b and thenPassthrough=-line 26 back turbine- 6. (Prlor to passage of the prcducts just mentioned l'ntoand through. the cases la, Ib E etc.; the latter, lf desired; may beheated somewhat, e. g. up to 250to 350 F; o1 above.the freez- Ing poli 1t of the salt or heat exchange fluld as by passing su perheated steam therethrough.) Wh'ex'e increase 01 the temperature of these gases line. 30 may be diverted by valved brarich line 54 through heat exchanger 2I1 and then be passed from the latter throughline 34 into manifold header 3I and then lnto heatexchange with canverters Ia, Ib, etc. and/or in -heat exchange wit;h the combustion cases 3a and 3b. Herice, during the starting up operation heat exchanger 2l is emplyed 1:0 transfer heat;from air 01 the llke to'thefused salt; whiereas; after the plantis in norm.loptelation this exchanger may be employed to se'rve the reverse function. Further transfer of heat from air to fused salt may occ ur within the converters la, lb, etc., for example,

particularly during the fore part of the starting up opexation and when the heater 2-3 is employed to further heat the ai r or gases ln the course of thir passage to converters Ia, lb, etc. However, a contemplated and advanoageous opei'ati0n is to preheat the fused salt or equivalent to a sufi'iclently high temperature so that heat is supplied to the contact material andl structure of the converters bothfrom the salt, in the like, andfrom the air, or equivalent, forexample in approxi- "mately"equal 'amounts, or:at least so tha.t the -heat transferred to the cases or converters by the s'alt is a. substantial proportion of the entire heat suppliedthereto during heating up.

As a. preferred varia'oion 015 the above-described method cf starting up, all 01 substantially all o! the compressed air, 011 other fiuid, passing from c'ompressor l (after a. suitable addition cf hea.t by burner llllmay. be sent through line and to and through the'comerters I a, Ib, lc,

' etc., and/or through either o1 both of the combustion cases 3a and.3b and then .back through -llne 26 to turbine heat being added tojhe stream before it enters turbine 6 by burner lila. 5 In the starting up of a plant of this type after the plia.nthas once beenln use and has simply been shut down temporarily for some operatlng br ma'mtenance reason, there is normally a de- "poslt of carbcm on the cata.lyst or conl;act material withln one or more ofithe converters Ia, II), Y

' etc.

Accordingly, in someinstancex as where the desiredon-stream temperatu re is above that at which appreciable burm'ng will begin as soon asthe gases circulated by=compressor l eome in contactwith the contactmaterial 2 at a sufi'i'- ciently high temperature, combustion will starb f ezences bet vfiaen the ap'paf-atus of Flg. .2 und the;t Cf F'igf1 are that in Flg.f2- a; systemlspro.- vide l whereby there ls a separate salbsystem used for the cdni1 bustiqh cses '(case Ibbelng oh1lcted for the s'ak'e f simplici ty in t he drawings) j on the one band ahd for thereaction ca.ses or c0nverters Igl, 1b;etc.',' pnthe other; Secondly, Fig."2 Shows a1systeniwhereby otxlya.

- re1at;i vely small pr0portlon of the fused salt whlch iscircqlated through ancl in heat ex'changereletlon Withthe contact material within;converters 5 Ia Ib, etc need' be clrculated through other heat ex chan'ge lines so ast0 contrl the tem;jeratur'e 0I the salt stream and hence of the converters as desired. "I'his latter is also true in: regards l;he separate saLlt -circult provided for the temperature control of the combustlon cases.

T0 this end Separate res'ervoirs 51a anal 5'lbare provided. The resel voirs are each divided lnto two comp' artments by central weirs or partl tions 58a and 58b. Fused salt a.t desirvd temperature may be w1thdrawn from the left band chamber of reservoir 57a by pump 59 *and circulated therefrom lnto header 3l, nd from the latter through and in heat exchang'e relation' with the several convertda'rs Ia, lb, etc. The sah; streams leaving=the convert ers passlhto the llne 60 anal from there Jflow throughbranch- 60a into the right band compartment of thepesiarvoir5'la. In ehe type of" operation described by way 0f illustrdtlon hereinabovie in connection With Fig. 2, thetused salt in 'the right l1nd compartment of reservoir 51a will bedurixig normal operation, hatten than that in the lef t hand reiservoir T0 control the temperature in the left=harld e0mpartment 01 reservoir 51a as desired, a portion on1y o! the fused salt in theright hand reservoir will be alloWed 170 spill' over the centr al W811" 58a und cori1partmentof reservoir 51a.

pump 62 may be =a variable speed pump ;con-

the remairiing 01ti0n will be withdrawn through line lil and'forced by pum'p 62 through 011 heat exchanger l laand then through line 153 into and through a. coil within a steam boiler. 39a and thence th'rough line 54 back into the left-hand Where desired,

trolled in resp0nse to temperatures in the stream of salt flowingthrough line65. However, a good cqntiol of the t'emperature of saltfiowing through line 65 Can ordlnarily;beattained by employlng a cdnstaht; speedpump a's pump 62, temperatures k in 'line 65 'being"niaihtlned wlthin a range of within the converters-and therefore heat; will be get1erated within the converters.which will normally decirease the amount of tue] which need be injected into bu rnerJUand/or llla and will provlde further heating upof thefused salt.

- A5 the plant is brought more andmore closely up .desired operating temperature, in.the genefal*eafselessand lass fuel will be fed tq burner through line 4I until finallythere need be no flirtheraddition of heat to the stream fi owing through line- 20 by burner All, although, even T then -heat ma'y be supplied to the regenerating medium by burner 40, if desired. 1

- While the invention will be generallyunderstood from the 'foregoingdeseription taken in: cohnection with Fig. 1 of the -d1 wwvingsmore 1 preferred aspects of the inventioxi,.both of proce ss am]. of apparatus, willbe des cribed in cou-v nection with Fig. 2 cf the drawings. Major difa bout 3"to 6 Fiat all times even wlthoutmxy appreciable excess of heat exchange fluid or fused salt in resetv0ir 5'lanThe flow of sah through line GI is small as compared With.the flow thrugh llne 65 and may be of the order of v 0x 5 or less '0f the flow thro'ugh theflatter; Heuce the Substantiatl eczonoxnies 'of; this operation ;wlll be eyiden'tf Important annual savings are pro vlded by eliminating the necessityof xhaving and=opera ting 'separatQvalvesto coxittol indlvlduallly the fl0w ofheat, ex'changefluid. 'to3the, sevepal noncosts and in redut:ti0nof cost. of apparatus by employing a system 'of temperature ;control as.

control of'the tl'npeiature of ;thefused salt in lixiei'6li isjg va'nerallysiiziilar=to thatjust descxlbed in cjonnection withthe reservoir .ila.- The fldw of "fused Salt through line 6'Lcol1stltutes only a 1 relatively small-'proportion oftheflow thrquzh l ine 66; ar'1d issufficient onlyto control thetemperatre 'of fluid in the ileft band Comp'a rtm6nt;

Also large savings ate effecteddnpower material, such material will be selected ix 1 accordance with the particular conditions of the reaction contt'amplated. For example, within ertain temperatture ranges, materials suchas certain low melting metal alloys may be desirab1e.

- Also differtant i used salts meiy be employed where different temperatures are desired.

The above description of specific adaptations of my invention is ofiered by way of explanation am]. is not meant to constitute any limitation on my invention, the Same comprehending all emof solid contact mater ial is used to treat products of regenerat-ion, the process which comprises the steps of supplying the on streamand regeneration reacta nts alternately to the first mentioned contact material and withdrawing desired products from the on stram reac'oion and a mixture of carbon r'nonoxide' and c.rbon dioxide as the products of the regeneration reaction, sending the last mentioned products through the second mentioned contact material to cnvert carbon monoxide 130 carbon dioxide, circulating a separate body 015 heat exchange fluid in indirect heat exc hange relation with each of said contact materials t0 maintain the concact materials atdifferent temperatures, withdrawing aportion cf each of the bodies cf heat exchange f1uid .and passing one of the portions in heat exchange re- 1atio with the on-stream reactants and one in heatetchange relation with (Ehe regeneration reactants to condition seid reactants before they are supplied to the first mentioned contact material.

2. In the treatment o1 conversion of reactant fiuids includ'mg hydrocarbons with a. so1id adsorptive mass or catalyst and the temperature control of such treatment or conversion, seid catalyst being confined withina.t least one reaction zone, the steps of pro cess which comprise maintaining said reaction' zone alternately on stream to efifect the desired conversionof reactant fiuid and in regeneration to remove combustible deposits er contaminants which accumulate on the mass or catalyst; during each preceding on-stream period; flowing a heat exchange fluid, which will remain substantially combletelyin'the liquid phase under the reaction cci1ditions encountered, through and in heat (axchange relazion with but out of contact with the catalyst or mass within said reaction zone or zones so as to control the temperatures of the proportion of said heat exchange' liquid direct1y frcm the first-mentioned reservoi: zone to saiid second reservoir zone, the aforesaid cooledstream df heat exchange fluid being of such temperature that the body cf liquid in seid seCond reservoir zone is of desired temperature for ag'ain circulating in -heat exchange relatio'n with the aforesaid catalyst or mess; passing heat exchange liquid from said secdnd reservoir zone ar id zigain circulatingyit ii1 heat exch'ange relation with said catalyst, and repea'ting the above steps of process.

3. The p rocess for tjransforming or chemically changing reactant fiuids including hydrocarbons and controlling the temperaturesof Such operation, which comprises passing the reactant charge, at a. temperdture approximating that; desired for reaction, into a confined reaci;ion zbne in contact with solid, incombustible catalytic material contained within said zone anti withdrawing fiuid hydrocarbon products of reacti0n therefrom, combustible deposits and contaminants a'ccumulating on said calaalytic material during the transforximtion 01 'reactant fiuid, periodically interrupting the reactant fiuid and passing an oxygen-containing gaseous regenerating medium or charge through said confin ed reaction zone to burn combustible deposits therefrom, the trar1sformation step and the regeherating step havihg difiemnt heats of reaction and the regenerating step being strongly exothermic, passing a liquid heat. ex-

k change medium from one compartment of a reservoir zone through and in heat exchange relation Wlth said catalyt'idmaterial within said reaction zone and then back to a second computment of said reservoir zone wh1ch is in restricted fiuid intercommunicating relation with the flrstn'1entioned compartment thereof, said liquid heat exchange medium being passed from seid reservoir zone to said reaction zone at; a temperature sufficientlybelowthe desired temperature of regeneration so as to absorb sufficient hegt 170 maint a.in the zone during regeneration v'vithin a desi red restricted temperature range and so also as to maintain the on-stream or tramform'ation step within a. desired range; withdrawing heat exchang'e medium from seid second compartdifierent reactions carriedout therein; withdrawing heat exchange fiuid out; of heat exchange relation with said catalyst and flowingitto a reservoir zone being in dirct but restrictedfluid inter-communication with a second reservoir zone; withdrawing from the first-mentioned reservoir zone a small proportion of the heat exchange fluid inhoduced therein as a, substantially continous stream, reducing the temperature cf the latter by giving up heat therefrom to fluids which it is desired to preheat before introducing them into contact with the aforesaid catalyst;

passing the cooled stream of heat exchange fiuid v 3 into seid second reservoir zone, flowing a major ment of said reserx' oir2one, at a. rate smal1 as compared'with the amount of he:a.t exchange flu.id circulated per unitfixne through said reaction zqne, and passing the same through a heat exchange zone in heat; exchange relation with anothep fiuid to adjust the temperature 015 the heat exchange medium, and returning the stream of heat exchange fiuid to the first-mentioned cpmpartment of said reservoir zone, heat exchange fiuid being s1'1bstantially continuously circ1ilated from said flrst;-mentioned computment through said reaction zone and the above operations being repeated over and over.

4, In the use of a, plurality 015 converters coutaining contact materia] wherein each converter is employedin a cycle of'operations involving a1- ternane regeneration an'd on-stream reactions carried gut at higher anal lower temperatures, res'pectively, wherein on-stream reactants und regeneration reac':tants are supplied t'o difierent couverters f or simultaneously carrying out the different reactions and heat exchnge fluid is circulated through the contact materlal in the comverters to control the temperature of the re actions, the prpcess of he'ating up the contact materia1 which comprises admitting a stream 01 gaseous fluid in heated cndition the converters for passage in direc'p heat exchange relation with the contact material there1n, admittlng a stream 01 heat exchange fluid in hated condltion to con flned passageways in the contac t materi9.l for passage.in indirect heat; exchangerelation with the contact material, gradually increasing the temperature o1 thei fluids and passi11g them through the contact materialuntilv lt reaches a temperature approximately that of the omstream reaction.

5. In the cont act treatxnent of feactant fluids in a. reaction chamber containing solid porous co ntact material used in a cycle kof operations involving alternate periods 01 higherand lower temperature reactions wherein'heat exchange fluid is circulated during the cycle to control the femperature of the reactions; the process of heating up the contact material to desired temperature for effecting the alternate reactions which comprises admitting a gaseous medium in heated" conditin to the contact material for raising its temperature by passing in direct heat exchange relation therewith and. admltting a heat exchange fiuid to confined passageways in thecontact material for passage in indirect heat exch ange relation with the conta.ct material during=the passage 01 said gaseous medium, gradua1ly increasing the temperature of both said fluids until the contact material waches approximately the temperature of the lower temperatum period of the cycle.

6. In the contact treatment of reactant fluids [in a reaction chamber containlng solid porous contact material used in a. cyc1e ofoperations involving alternate periods 01 higher 811d 10W81 temperaturje reactions wherein heat exchangev fluid is circulated during the cycle 'to control the vo1ving alternate: exothermic ai1d endothdrmlc reactions carried Gut at bisher and lower temperature respectlvely, wherein heat exchange fluid is 'cirqul ated at a 'sixbstaintial ls! constant temperature inteimediate theiemperatures o! the -reaction s during thacycle to control the temperature 01 the reactionsthe process 01 heating up the contact material to desired temperature for eflecting the. a.liaernate rea.ctions which compriss a dm1ttin an oxygencontaining fluid in heated condltion.to the co1 1t'actmaterlal for raising its temperature by passlng in direct heatexchange relation therewith, admittingan eutectic mixture o1 nitra.t es and nitrites heated toabove 250 E. to conflned passagewaysin the contact material forpassag in indirect heat exchange relation therewith-gradually increasing the temperature.ofk both said flulds' and passing them through the co ntact material unti1 the coutact material reaches t=mpproximat.ely the temperature of the endothermic period 01 the cycle 01 operation, fhen utili zing the 'heat exchange fiuidduring the cycleqfoxieratipns. 1

9. In the contact treatment 01 reacta'nt flulds in react1on chamber cpntainlng solid po'rous coutact material used i n a GYCI8 01 operatlong in- .volving alternate e ndothermic and exotherme react ions whetein the .endothermic r eactln is carried out between 750 and 925" F. andthe exothermic reaction 15 carriedout between 825 a.nd

- 1100 F. wherein heat e xch ange fluid is circulated temperature 0f the reactions, the process 01 heating up the contact material to desiied temperature for effecting the alternate reactions which comprises admitting a gaseous medlum, in hea.ted condition to raise the temperature 01 the contact material by passing in direct heat exchange V relation therewith, then 'admltting a fused mixture ofnitratesand nitrites heated to the liquid sta.te 130 confined passageways in the contact material for passge in indirect heat exchange relation with the contact material, g'rad-..

ually increasing the temperature of both said fluids until the contact n'1a'terial'reaches approximately the temperatuxe of the lower temperature period of the cycle.

at a. substantia;lly constant temDerature intermediate the temperatures ofthe react lons during the cycleto control the temperature 61 the reactlo'ns, the proce'ss o! heating up the contact material at desired temperature Ior G1Iectingthe alternate reactions which comprises admitting an oxygen containins. fiuid in heated condltion to thecontact material Ior raising its temperature by passing in direct heat exchange relation therewith, admittlng a tused mixt'ure 015 nitrates and nitrites heated toliquidstate to conflned passageways in the contact material for passase 7. In the contact treatment of reactant fluids in a reaction chambercontaining solid porous contact material used in a c.ycle of operations' involving alternate periods of hlgher and lower temperature reactions wherein heat; exchange fluid iscirculated during the cycle1so contro1 the temperature of the reactions, the process o1 beating up the contact material to desired temperaturefor efiecting the altern'ate reactions which comprises admitting a gaseous medium in heated condition to the contact material for raising its temperature by passing in direct heat exchange relation therewith, admitting a fused mixture of nitrates and nitrites heated 130 the liquidstate to confined passageways in the contact material for passage in indirect. heat exchange relatln therewith, prior to admifiting said fluids, passing them in heat exchan'ge relation with ea. :h other, gradually increasing thia temperature of both said fluids anti] the co'ntact materia;l rea'ches approxi- 'mately the temperature o1 the lower temperature period of the cyc1e.

8. In the contact treatment cf reactant fiuids in a reaction chamber containing solid porous contact material used in a cycle 01 operaticinslninindirect heat exchange-relation therewith.

'converters for simultaneousl'y carrying out the diflerent reactions and heat e xchange fluid is circulated'at a substantially c0nstant temperature intermediate thetemperatures 01 the rea.c-

tions through vthecontact: material in theconverters' to control the temperature 01 the mactlons, the process ot heatingmp the contact material which comprises admitting a strea m 01 gaseous fluid in heatedcoqdition to the converters for.passage in directheat, exchange{relatlon with the contact material therein, admitting a stream of heat exchange flu1d in heated cond1- tion to conflned passagewaysln the contact material forpassage in indirect heat exchange relation with the contact material, gradually increasing the temperature b! the fluids und passing them through the cont act material untfl lt xeaches a temperature approximately that o1 the on-stream reak:tlon adjustihg the temperature 01 the heat e!:change fluid b? pgssing lt mheat exchange relatldn wlth at least one o! the react ants a.nd utillzing the hellt 6xchange 'flu:ld in the cycle ot operatlon.

' fluld by passing lt in heat exchange relatlon with 11.-In-the use o! a plii xfality of 'converters coutaining -contact mat6rial wherein each converter V ls employed in a. cycle 01 Operation involvlhg a1- ternate reg6nera;tlon and on-striaam -xggga.ctions carrled mit at bisher and lwet te1inpbrtures,

latin'g tlle heat exchlihgzl flilld throuklxcdnilned pasSagewaars in .the converters:ln lndlrect hast "exchange relationwlth the=contact materlal und respectively, Wherein on-stream reactants am regenetation rea.ctant5 am supplled to different 1 the gaseoi1s fluid dlrectly through the. contact material, withdra;wlng sa.ld ga.seous fluld und add- 1ng heat thereto, then recovering energy Irom the heatecl fluid to supply motlye power '101' coutinulng the compresslng of; thezaseous, stream. gradually increaslng the temper atgure 01 the gaseous fluid after 112 1s compressed an d contlnu- 1ng 1ts clrculation through th e-. contact; materla.l

' simultaneousls* wlth the clrculation 015 thqheat converters for simultaxiiaously carrying out the dlflerent reactions and heat exchange fluid ils circulated a.t -a. substantlally constant temperature lntermedlate tl 1e temperature o! the reactionsthrough tl1e c'ontact materlal in the converters, to control the temperature cf the reactions, the process'! 'heatlng up -the contact mterlal and for carrying -out the 'reactions which excha.rige fluid until the contact materlal rea :hes reaction temperature.

' 14. In the use of a plurality 01 conv er ters in talnlng contact material wherein eac h converter isemplo3red in a. cycle 01' operation lnvolvlng al-" ternate regeneration und on-stream regctlons comprlses admitting a Strean1of g'as6ous fluid in heated conditlqnt o the converters forpassagg m dlrect heat exchange relation with the contact material therein, admltting a stream 01 heat exchange fluld in heated condltion' to conflned pas- "-carrled out at bisher und lower temperatures,

respectively, wherein -on-stream react a.nts und regeneration reactants are supplled to dl.llemnt: converters for simultaneouslyarryingout the diflferent reactions und heat exchange fluid ls cirsageways in the contact materlal 101 passage in lndirect heat exchimge relation with the contact material, gradually increaslng-the temperature o! the fluids und passing them through the coutact material until lt reacheg a. temperature approximately tha.t o1;theon stream-reati0n, adjusting the temperature 01 t.he hetzt "exchange both sald reactants in parallel Streams und utilizing lt in the cycle o! 'operatlon.

12. In the contacbtreatment of reactant fluids; in a reactlon chari1ber conta.lnlng solid porous contact material used'in a, cycleot operations lnvolvlng alternate perlodsot hlgher andlower 'temperature reactlons and whereln heat exchange fluld is 'c1rculatgd durlng the cycle to coutrol the temperature cf the reactlons, the prosesS of heatin g ub thia conta.t:t materia.l for carrying out the reactlons which comprlses supplylng a. stream 01 gaseousfluld to the reactlon chamber and prlor to 1ts admlsslon con1presslng and heatingga.ld fluld so that lt. passes through the contact materlal in direct heat exchange relatlon to supply heat thereto, withdrawlng sa.ld

fluld under pressure from the contact material and adding heat thereto; then recoverlng energy from the heated flu1d tosupply motlve power Ior continuing the cnmpresslng o! the gaseous streamafter compression 01 the 'lncoming stream, gradually increa.sing the temperature o1 reaches reactlon temperature.

culated through the contact materialln the couverters to control the temperature of-ihemeactlons; the process o1- heating upthe nonvexters for carrying out the reactlons whic h o mprlsescompressing and heatlng a;stream= 01 gaseous fluid, passing the gaseous fluld in heat. exch ange relation with a.hea.t excha.nge medium to heat up sald medlum withdfawing .the gaseous stream from the -heat exchia.nge medium, thena.vldlng -more heat to the gaseous fluld 311d recoverln'g energy therefromtor contlnuing the compresslon 01 the-lncoming gaseous streaxn, admlttlng the hea.t eizchange medium in its=heat e d state to canfined passageways in the cpntact materlal fox passageln indirectheat exchange relal)lon;therewith in erde: to supply heat thereto, g radg.lly raising the tempemture 01 the gaseous fluld after compresslon and con tlnulng its cl rculg tlon in heat exchange relatlon wlighthe heat -exchange medium' and contlnulng simultaneouslb .the. cl.r-

culation ot the heat exchange fluld thxough the contact materlal until .thecpntaqt ma terlal 15. Apparatus forthetreatment9fcdriverslon o! fluid and cox'1trol of 1she temperaturethereol which comprlsega pluralitY-ot converters, eac h 'the st'ream und contlnuinglts circulatlon through the contact material until reactlon temperature ls reached.

13. In the use ofa plurality of converterscontaining contact material whereln ea.ch converter is employed in a cycle 01 operatlon involvlng alternate regeneratlon and on-stream riaactlons carried out at higher and lower tempera-1 tures, respectlvelywherein on-stream reactants am regeneratiop -reactants are supplied to diff6rent converters for simultaneously carrying out,

the different reactlons ancl heat exchange fluld 15 clrculated through the contact material' in the nonverters to cont1ol the temperature cf the re-1 actions, the proce ss o! heating up the converters --1.'or carrying out the reaptions which comprlses compressing und heating a. st1eam 01' gaseous fluld, passing at least a portion of the gaseous fluic ldn heat exchange relatlon with a heat exchar 1ge niedlum to heat pp said medium, circu x.chamber 01 sa id reservolr.

having a. reactlon chamber contalnlng, a. solld lncolnbustlble catalyti c materlal; means for passalytlc materlal in sa.id r ea ctiou chambexs, preservolr for heat exchange fluid having separate chambers, means for passing heat exchang e fluld from one o'1' the" chambers -ot -said geservolr, through the saidspaced passages wlthln sald reaction cl1ambers andback lnto asecond. chambez '0f sald reservoir; means for wlthdrawing fluld Irom said second chamber. adjustlng the temperature thereof as deslred und; retuming the-same tosald onechamber bfsaid reservoir; 1 and mean s wlthlnj sald reser wpir Ior malntalning a substantiallyv c0nstant volume o! liquid heat exchange fluid within saldsecond chamber of sai'd reservoir and permlttlng excess heat exchange fl uld .to passdi rectly tothe said one CLARENCE H. mm 

